The melting ice of the Arctic is revealing not just geological formations, but also a complex realignment of global strategic interests. Over the past six months, India’s engagement with the region, largely driven by economic opportunities and increasingly framed as a critical component of its broader Indo-Pacific strategy, has intensified dramatically. This shift, underscored by the 8th round of Foreign Office Consultations with Denmark, reflects a fundamental change in the Arctic’s security landscape—one where traditional powers are yielding ground to emerging actors seeking influence in a world increasingly defined by resource scarcity, technological innovation, and, crucially, the potential for geopolitical friction. The rise of India’s presence is powerfully impacting the established alliances and power dynamics governing the Arctic.
The impetus behind India’s Arctic engagement began subtly, primarily focused on accessing critical minerals – particularly graphite – found in Greenland and Iceland. However, recent developments indicate a far more comprehensive approach. The Denmark-India consultations, held on November 17, 2025, highlighted a renewed emphasis on cooperation in areas beyond mere resource extraction. Discussions centered on sustainable shipping routes, renewable energy development leveraging Arctic wind and solar potential, and, significantly, collaborative research into climate change impacts – a domain in which India’s vast experience managing extreme weather events could prove invaluable. “India’s Arctic ambitions aren't simply about securing resources; they’re about establishing itself as a key player in shaping the future of the region,” explained Dr. Anika Sharma, a specialist in Arctic geopolitics at the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Delhi. “The strategic location, combined with India’s growing technological capabilities, makes it a compelling actor.”
Historically, the Arctic has been dominated by a handful of nations – primarily Russia, Canada, the United States, and Denmark (through Greenland) – all bound by the Arctic Council and underpinned by the 1958 treaty on the Conservation of Arctic Marine Mammals and Fishes. Russia’s substantial territorial claims and military presence have long been a point of contention, but its actions have been constrained by the Arctic Council’s consensus-based governance model. The rise of India challenges this model. Denmark, currently holding the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, has been a proactive advocate for broadening participation, recognizing the need for a more inclusive approach to address the region’s multifaceted challenges. “The Arctic is no longer exclusively a domain for traditional powers,” stated Lotte Machon, State Secretary for Foreign Policy, representing Denmark’s position. “India’s involvement is a natural extension of the EU’s broader strategic engagement and crucial for ensuring a robust and collaborative response to the region’s evolving threats.”
The shift is further complicated by the evolving geopolitical landscape. The United States, while maintaining its traditional role as a key Arctic stakeholder, has seen its influence diminish as Russia has reasserted itself and other nations seek to establish a presence. China's growing interest in the Arctic, primarily focused on access to resources and shipping lanes, presents a significant counterweight. India’s deliberate positioning as a stabilizing force, coupled with its support for a rules-based international order, is intended to mitigate the risk of a multipolar Arctic, where competing interests could quickly escalate.
Over the next six months, India is likely to intensify its engagement through increased scientific collaborations, participation in joint Arctic Council projects, and continued investment in port infrastructure and logistics. A key element of this strategy will be the expansion of India’s maritime presence, potentially including naval deployments to Arctic waters for observation and training. Longer term, spanning the next five to ten years, India’s role is expected to become more robust. The nation’s ambition extends beyond merely observing the Arctic; it seeks to actively shape its future, driving innovation in renewable energy technologies and fostering sustainable resource management practices. A crucial aspect of this vision includes contributing to the broader international discussions regarding Arctic governance and security, advocating for a more equitable and democratic approach.
However, the challenges are substantial. India's limited maritime infrastructure and experience in extreme-weather operations represent significant obstacles. Furthermore, competing claims regarding Arctic sovereignty – particularly in the East Siberian Sea – could introduce friction. The potential for increased military activity, driven by Russia’s assertive posture, remains a critical concern. “India’s ability to successfully navigate the Arctic will depend on its capacity to manage these competing interests and maintain a consistent, multilateral approach,” noted Professor Michael Evans, a specialist in maritime security at the University of Cambridge. “The region’s security is increasingly intertwined with broader geopolitical dynamics, and India must remain vigilant in safeguarding its strategic objectives.”
The Arctic’s future is no longer solely determined by the actions of established powers. India’s strategic pivot represents a fundamental reshaping of the region’s dynamics – a potent demonstration of the globalized nature of security challenges and the broadening of the competition for influence in a world where the Arctic, once a remote and largely ignored domain, is now emerging as a crucial battlefield for 21st-century geopolitical power. The question remains: can India successfully integrate into this new equilibrium, and can it contribute to a more stable and sustainable future for the Arctic? The answer will depend on the nation's strategic acumen and willingness to engage, balancing its economic ambitions with its commitment to international norms.