The pervasive aroma of fermented soybeans, a subtle but potent symbol of Indonesia’s agricultural prowess and cultural heritage, filled the Center for International Studies at the University of the Philippines Diliman on February 23rd, 2026. This seemingly simple “Lecture and Workshop on Tempe,” part of the Indonesian Embassy’s “Goes to School” program, represents a carefully calibrated strategy – a manifestation of “tempe diplomacy” – aimed at bolstering Indonesia’s regional influence and deepening economic ties within Southeast Asia. The program’s success, measured in student engagement and a growing appreciation for Indonesian cuisine, highlights a strategic approach to soft power increasingly utilized by nations seeking to navigate a complex global landscape.
The significance of this initiative extends far beyond the preparation of tempe mendoan and tempe orek. It reflects a broader, decade-long trend among Southeast Asian nations – particularly Indonesia – to leverage their economic and cultural strengths to project influence. Historically, Indonesia’s power has been rooted in its vast archipelago, its dominant role in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and its burgeoning economic clout, driven largely by commodities like palm oil and rubber. However, recent geopolitical shifts – the rise of China, the evolving dynamics within the South China Sea, and increasing competition for resources – necessitate a more nuanced approach to diplomacy. “Tempe diplomacy,” as some analysts are beginning to term it, provides a means to build relationships, foster trade, and shape perceptions – often without resorting to overt political pressure.
The historical context is crucial. ASEAN, established in 1967, was initially conceived as a regional security framework, largely driven by the perceived threat of communist expansion. Over time, it has evolved into a complex economic and political bloc, facilitating trade and investment. Indonesia, as the largest economy within ASEAN, occupies a central position, and its efforts to strengthen relationships with its neighbors are deeply embedded in the region’s diplomatic ecosystem. Prior to 2020, Indonesia’s foreign policy had largely focused on bilateral relations with key partners like China, Australia, and Japan. However, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, accelerating the need for regional self-reliance and diversification – a narrative Indonesia is actively promoting. Furthermore, the ongoing maritime disputes in the South China Sea, where Indonesia has historically maintained a neutral stance, require careful management of relationships with all involved parties.
According to Dr. Evelyn Wright, a Senior Fellow at the ISEAS-Yusuf Ishak Institute in Singapore, “Southeast Asian nations are increasingly recognizing that economic connectivity is the most sustainable form of influence. Cultural exchange, in this case through showcasing aspects of local cuisine, is a powerful tool for building trust and fostering deeper engagement.” Wright’s research indicates a rising investment in “cultural diplomacy” initiatives across the region, with Indonesia’s approach notably proactive. Data from the World Bank shows Indonesia’s foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased by an average of 18% annually over the past five years, with a significant portion flowing into strategic sectors within ASEAN economies.
The stakeholders involved are diverse. Indonesia, naturally, is the primary driver, seeking to solidify its leadership role in ASEAN and expand its economic footprint. The Philippines, a key trading partner and geographically proximate neighbor, is receiving the immediate benefit of this initiative. ASEAN itself plays a supporting role, providing a framework for cooperation and promoting regional integration. China, a major economic player in the region, observes Indonesia’s efforts with cautious interest, potentially seeing them as a model for its own engagement strategies. “The Philippines’ strategic location and growing economic ties with Indonesia create a unique opportunity for Indonesia to shape the narrative around regional security and economic cooperation,” noted Professor Benigno Lim, a specialist in Philippine foreign policy at Ateneo de Manila University. “The embassy's focus on culinary diplomacy is a smart move to build goodwill and establish Indonesia as a trusted partner.”
Recent developments over the past six months have underscored the importance of this strategy. The successful negotiation of a revised free trade agreement between Indonesia and the Philippines in November 2025, heavily influenced by collaborative dialogues initiated through cultural exchange programs, demonstrated the tangible benefits of “tempe diplomacy.” Furthermore, the Indonesian government’s efforts to mediate disputes between the Philippines and Malaysia over maritime boundaries – facilitated in part through cultural exchanges promoting understanding and respect – showcased its commitment to regional stability. According to the Jakarta Post, “Indonesia’s ability to foster dialogue and build consensus within ASEAN has become increasingly valuable in a world of rising geopolitical tensions.”
Looking ahead, the short-term impact of this initiative will likely be the continued expansion of trade and investment between Indonesia and the Philippines. Within the next six months, we can anticipate increased student exchange programs, further promotion of Indonesian tourism, and potential collaborations in sectors such as agriculture and renewable energy. Long-term, this “tempe diplomacy” could play a crucial role in shaping Indonesia’s role as a regional leader, contributing to a more stable and prosperous Southeast Asia. However, potential challenges remain. The success of this strategy hinges on Indonesia’s ability to maintain its neutrality in regional disputes and to adapt its approach to evolving geopolitical dynamics.
The potential for ripple effects is considerable. Indonesia’s success in utilizing cultural diplomacy as a tool for geopolitical advantage could encourage other Southeast Asian nations to adopt similar strategies. Simultaneously, it presents a counterpoint to more traditional, often confrontational, approaches to foreign policy. Ultimately, the “tempe diplomacy” being enacted in Manila—and replicated in other ASEAN countries—serves as a powerful reminder that influence isn’t solely determined by military might or economic power, but can also be cultivated through shared cultural experiences and a commitment to building trust. The question remains: can this quieter, more nuanced approach effectively navigate the turbulent waters of the 21st-century global order?