The persistent conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s (DRC) eastern provinces remains a critical global security challenge, deeply entwined with regional dynamics and humanitarian crises. Recent developments surrounding the fourth meeting of the Joint Security Coordination Mechanism (JSCM), convened in Washington, D.C., offer a snapshot of this complex situation, revealing both incremental progress and significant structural obstacles. The meeting’s outcome, while generating cautious optimism, underscores the extraordinary difficulty of achieving a lasting peace – a true Gordian knot.
On November 19-20, 2025, representatives from the DRC and Rwanda, along with the United States, the State of Qatar, the Republic of Togo (as the African Union mediator) and the African Union Commission, gathered to assess the implementation of the Washington Peace Agreement. Signed on June 27, 2025, this agreement, alongside the Doha Framework for a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, represents a multi-pronged effort to address the root causes of instability fueled by armed groups, most notably the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). The JSCM’s purpose is to coordinate security operations and facilitate the demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration of combatants.
The core of the Washington Peace Agreement centers on two key Operational Orders (OPORDS): one focusing on the neutralization of the FDLR and the second, the lifting of Rwanda’s defensive measures within the DRC. Phase One, already underway, concentrates on intelligence sharing and information operations conducted by the DRC to raise awareness in affected communities and encourage FDLR members to lay down their arms. According to a recent report by the International Crisis Group, “the DRC’s efforts to directly engage with FDLR fighters have yielded limited success, hampered by a lack of trust and the enduring appeal of group affiliation within certain local communities.” This sentiment reflects a persistent reality: a localized, humanitarian approach is insufficient to address deep-seated grievances.
Participants reviewed progress on Phase One, noting the continued demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration of FDLR members. JSCM observers acknowledged the efforts of the Parties to facilitate the continued demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration of FDLR members. The Qatar’s commitment to the process is significant, providing crucial financial and logistical support. “The State of Qatar’s role is demonstrably pivotal,” noted Dr. Amina Diallo, a Senior Analyst at the Brookings Institution’s Africa Growth Initiative. “Their funding directly supports the logistical and operational necessities of the peace process, a critical bridge between political intent and tangible action.”
However, the discussion extended to Phase Two, which contains more challenging objectives including neutralizing the FDLR and lifting Rwanda’s defensive measures. This move is complicated by lingering accusations of Rwandan involvement in supporting the FDLR, and by the persistent operation of other armed groups, such as the Alliances Fleuve Congo/March 23rd Movement DRC. The recent signing of The Doha Framework for a Comprehensive Peace Agreement Between the Government of the DRC and the Alliance Fleuve Congo/March 23rd Movement DRC adds another layer of complexity, necessitating a cohesive strategy across multiple, often competing, peace processes.
The meeting also highlighted the broader geopolitical context. The renewed engagement of the United States, under the Trump administration, has provided a crucial focal point for international involvement. Yet, the durability of this engagement remains uncertain, particularly given evolving US foreign policy priorities. Moreover, the ongoing involvement of regional actors, like Rwanda, demands a nuanced approach – one that recognizes both the necessity of cooperation and the potential for friction.
Looking ahead, short-term outcomes are likely to remain largely procedural, focusing on strengthening the coordination mechanisms established by the JSCM. Achieving a significant reduction in violence or demonstrable progress towards dismantling armed groups remains a long-term prospect. Over the next 6-12 months, continued logistical and financial support from Qatar will be essential. Furthermore, the success of the January 17, 2026, High-Level Meeting hosted by Togo, aimed at consolidating the peace process, will be crucial.
Over the next 5-10 years, the challenge intensifies. The key determinant of success will be the DRC’s capacity to address the underlying drivers of conflict: poverty, inequality, and weak governance. Without substantive reforms, the conditions for a lasting peace will remain tragically unmet. “Ultimately,” argues Dr. Diallo, “the stability of Eastern DRC hinges not just on security sector reform, but on a genuine commitment to inclusive development and good governance.” The complexity of the situation suggests a protracted and exceptionally difficult road toward resolution.