The APMBC, signed in Ottawa in 1997, mandates the elimination of anti-personnel mines and requires states to actively participate in mine clearance operations. Thailand, a signatory, committed to undertaking this task, particularly in regions bordering conflict zones. The border with Cambodia is a significant area of concern, historically impacted by conflicts involving the Khmer Rouge and subsequent insurgent groups. The sheer scale of landmine contamination – estimates vary widely, but some assessments suggest over 100 square kilometers require clearance – presents a formidable technical and logistical challenge. Furthermore, the border region remains geographically complex, encompassing dense jungle and areas with limited access, exacerbating the difficulty of operations.
However, the demining project is not solely a matter of adherence to international law. It’s interwoven with Thailand’s strategic calculations concerning regional stability, particularly the ongoing security situation within Cambodia. The presence of armed groups operating along the border, exploiting the unstable political environment within Cambodia, constitutes a persistent threat to Thailand’s security. The deliberate targeting of Thai border posts and villages by these groups underscores the operational context. According to Dr. Chayut Chumnok, a security analyst at Chulalongkorn University’s Institute of Political Science, “Thailand’s demining efforts are inextricably linked to its security posture. Removing a key weapon of these groups – the mine – directly addresses a tangible threat, simultaneously demonstrating a commitment to regional stability and bolstering border security.”
Data from the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) indicates that, despite significant progress over the past decade – approximately 40% of contaminated areas have been cleared – the pace of demining remains slow, largely due to funding constraints and the technical complexity of the terrain. The 22nd Meeting of the States Parties to the APMBC (22MSP), scheduled for December 1-5, 2025 in Geneva, will undoubtedly feature Thailand’s contribution to discussions on resource mobilization and technological innovation within the mine action community.
The timing of the meeting – coinciding with heightened tensions within Cambodia following a disputed election – is particularly noteworthy. The possibility of increased cross-border instability, potentially fueled by the displaced populations, further complicates Thailand’s strategic priorities. “The demining operation can be seen as a pre-emptive measure, a commitment to mitigate the consequences of a potential crisis,” observes Professor Surasak Sangwong, a specialist in Southeast Asian security at Bangkok University. “It’s not just about clearing landmines; it’s about projecting a credible image of stability and deterrence.”
Looking forward, the short-term (next 6 months) will likely see continued, albeit gradual, progress on the ground, underpinned by limited international funding – predominantly from the UN and various bilateral donors. The 22MSP meeting will likely focus on securing additional resources and exploring innovative technologies, such as unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for reconnaissance and demining support. Long-term (5-10 years), the success of the operation hinges on sustained international commitment, improved coordination with Cambodian authorities, and a reduction in the operational capabilities of insurgent groups. The effectiveness of the Thailand Mine Action Centre (TMAC) will be crucial, particularly in terms of training and capacity building.
The demining operation in Thailand represents more than just a logistical undertaking; it’s a strategic test. The ability of Thailand to successfully fulfill its obligations under the APMBC, while simultaneously addressing its security concerns, will have significant implications for regional stability and international norms regarding mine action. The ongoing process demands meticulous attention, fostering cooperation and reinforcing the importance of multilateralism in tackling complex humanitarian and security challenges.